The The Effect of Sahaja Yoga Meditation on Self-Esteem, Resilience and mental well-being among Young Adults
Main Article Content
Abstract
In the present times, it is hard to take care of oneself but certainly, individuals can take responsibility to pay attention to manage their stress through meditation. Sahaja Yoga Meditation is a traditional system of meditation that results in ‘thoughtless awareness’ and peace of mind. A total sample of ninety one young adults of both Sahaja Yoga meditators and non-meditators was taken from various urban parts of India. The study assessed the effect of Sahaja Yoga Meditation on self-esteem, resilience, and mental well-being among the groups, using Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Brief Resilience Scale, and The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) . Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the study indicate a significant difference between the two groups regarding self-esteem, resilience, and mental well-being. Gender differences were only found to be significant in relation to self-esteem among the non-meditator group. The results shall be discussed in detail.
Key Terms- Sahaja Yoga Meditation, self-esteem, resilience, mental well-being, young adults, Indian.
Article Details
How to Cite
Menon, S. ., Singh, S. ., & Kaur, M. (2022). The The Effect of Sahaja Yoga Meditation on Self-Esteem, Resilience and mental well-being among Young Adults. Mind and Society, 11(03), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.56011/mind-mri-113-202210
Section
Research Article
References
1. Agam R, Tamir S, Golan M .(2015). Gender Differences in Respect to Self-Esteem and Body Image as Well as Response to Adolescent's School-Based Prevention Programs. J Psychol Clin Psychiatry 2(5): 00092. DOI: 10.15406/jpcpy.2015.02.00092.
2. Agarwal, Anulipi & Dixit, Vidushi. (2017). The Role of Meditation on Mindful Awareness and Life Satisfaction of Adolescents.
3. Agnes, M. (Ed.). (2005). Webster’s new college dictionary.Cleveland, OH: Wiley.
4. Ahmad, R., Imran, H., Khanam, S. J., & Riaz, Z. (2013). Gender differences in domain specific self-esteem of adolescents. Asian journal of social sciences and humanities, 2(2), 432-440.
5. Apaolaza, V., Hartmann, P., D’Souza, C., & Gilsanz, A. (2019). Mindfulness, Compulsive Mobile Social Media Use, and Derived Stress: The Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem and Social Anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(6). doi:10.1089/cyber.2018.0681
6. Baer, R. A., Lykins, E. L., & Peters, J. R. (2012). Mindfulness and self-compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched non-meditators. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 230-238.2.00 dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000078
7. Bajaj, B. (2017). Mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship of mindfulness to resilience and stress. Int. J. Emerg. Ment. Health Hum. Resil, 19, 1-6. doi:10.4172/1522-4821.1000372
8. Baumeister, R.F., Tice, D.M., & Hutton, D.G. (1989). Self-Presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 57, 547-579.
9. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95.
10. Benson, H., & Proctor, W. (2011). Relaxation revolution: The science and genetics of mind body healing. Simon and Schuster.
11. Bhardwaj, A., & Agrawal, G. (2013). Gender difference in pre-adolescent’s self-esteem.
Int J Soc Sci Interdisc Res_,8 (2), 114-119.
12. Black, D. S. (2011). A brief definition of mindfulness. Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(2), 109.
13. Bleidorn, W., Arslan, R.C., Denissen, J.J.A., Rentfrow, P.J., Gebauer, J.E., Potter, J., Gosling, S.D. (2016). Age and Gender Differences in Self-Esteem—A Cross-Cultural Window. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(3), 396 – 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000078
14. Brown, K.W., Ryan, R.M., & Creswell, J.D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological inquiry, 18(4), 211-237.
15. Butler, L. D., Waelde, L. C., Hastings, T. A., Chen, X. H., Symons, B., Marshall, J., & Spiegel, D. (2008). Meditation with yoga, group therapy with hypnosis, and psychoeducation for long-term depressed mood: a randomized pilot trial. Journal of clinical psychology, 64(7), 806-820.
16. Campbell-Sills, L., Cohan, S. L., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour research and therapy, 44(4), 585-599.
17. Cheng, F. K. (2018). Overcoming Internalised Phobia Among Buddhist Sexual Minorities Through Mindfulness. Contemporary Buddhism, 19(2), 223-236.
18. Choe, D. E., &Devnarain, B. (2012). Youth violence in South Africa: Exposure, attitudes, and resilience in Zulu adolescents. Violence and Victims, 27(2), 166-181.
19. Clarke, A., Friede, T., Putz, R., Ashdown, J., Martin, S., Blake, A., . Stewart-Brown, S. (2011). Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): Validated for teenage school students in England and Scotland. A mixed methods assessment. BMC Public Health, 11(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-487
20. Connor, K., & Zhang, W. (2006). Resilience: Determinants, Measurement, and Treatment Responsiveness. CNS Spectrums, 11(S12), 5-12. doi:10.1017/S1092852900025797
21. Crouch, M. A., & Straub, V. (1983). Enhancement of self-esteem in adults. Family & Community Health: The Journal of Health Promotion & Maintenance, 6(2), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003727-198306020-00008
22. Cutler, N.E. (1995). “Three Myths of Risk Tolerance: What Clients are Not Telling You”. Journal of the American Society of CLU & ChFC, 49, 33 – 37
23. De Haan, L., Hawley, D. R., & Deal, J. E. (2002). Operationalizing family resilience: A methodological strategy. American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(4), 275-291.
24. Dunn, L. B., Iglewicz, A., & Moutier, C. (2008). A Conceptual Model of Medical Student Well-Being: Promoting Resilience and Preventing Burnout. Academic Psychiatry, 32(1), 44-53. doi:10.1176/appi.ap.32.1.44
25. Erdoğan Yüce, G., & Muz, G. (2020). Effect of yoga-based physical activity on perceived stress, anxiety, and quality of life in young adults. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 56(3).https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12484
26. Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M (2013). Psychological Resilience A Review And Critique Of Definitions, Concepts And Theory. European Psychologist; 18(1),12-23, DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
27. Furstenberg, F., Cook, A., Eccles, J., Elder, G.H. and Sameroff, A.J. (1999) Managing to Make it: Urban Families in High-risk Neighbourhoods. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
28. Gharbila, A., Sobia , M., Sana ,Y & Mustanir A .(2019). Parental Rearing Practices as Predictors of Resilience and Emotional Intelligence among Young Adults. Foundation University Journal Of Psychology, 3(2), 1-38.
29. Gilligan, R. (2001). Promoting Resilience: A Resource Guide on Working with Children in the Care Sym. London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering.
30. Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M., Gould, N. F., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R., ... & Ranasinghe, P. D. (2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA internal medicine, 174(3), 357-368.
31. Gu, H. (2001). Traditional medical and spiritual therapeutic methods . Beijing, China: ZongYi GuJi Chubanshe.
32. Gupta, S., Shanker, V., Lal, H., & Soni, S. Original Research Article Effect of Sahaja Yoga on Blood Glucose Level in Healthy Individual. Group, 79(5.15), 79-59.
33. Harrison, L. J., Manocha, R., & Rubia, K. (2004). Sahaja yoga meditation as a family treatment programme for children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(4), 479-497.
34. Herrman HS, Saxena S, Moodie R.(2005). Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, practice. A WHO report in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the University of Melbourne. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/MH_Promotion_Book.pdf. Accessed January 22, 2010. Google Scholar
35. Hernández, S. E., Suero, J., Barros, A., González-Mora, J. L., & Rubia, K. (2016).
Increased grey matter associated with long-term sahaja yoga meditation: a voxel-based morphometry study. PloS one, 11(3), e0150757.
36. Hendriks, T. (2014) The Psychological Effects of Sahaja Yoga Meditation: a Systematic Review. Depression, 1000, 019.
37. Hendriks, T. (2018). The effects of Sahaja Yoga meditation on mental health: A systematic review. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 15(3). doi:10.1515/jcim-2016-0163
38. Hurlock B.E., (2009).Early Adulthood Personal and Social Adjustments,Developmental Psychology- A Life Span Approach, 5th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Educations Pvt Limited Publishers; 265-268.
39. Iwamoto, S. K., Alexander, M., Torres, M., Irwin, M. R., Christakis, N. A., & Nishi, A. (2020). Mindfulness Meditation Activates Altruism. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-7.
40. Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Harish MG, Shetty KT, Subba Krishna DK, Meti BL, Raju T R, Vedamurthachar A.(1999). Therapeutic Efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in Dysthymic disorder. Nimhans Journal ,17, 21–28.
41. Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Harish MG, Subba Krishna DK, Vedamurthachar A.(2000). Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya
Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: a randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. Journal of Affective Disorders , 51, 255–259.
42. Jin, P. (1992). Efficacy of Tai Chi, brisk walking, meditation, and reading in reducing mental and emotional stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 36(4), 361–370.
43. Jindal-Snape, D., & Miller, D. J. (2010). Understanding transitions through self-esteem and resilience. Educational transitions: Moving stories from around the world, 11-32.
44. Jose, S., & Angelina, J. (2020). Efficacy of Psycho-Spiritual Meaning Intervention (PSMI) on depression and suicide ideation of young adults in Kerala, India. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(1), 20-25.
45. Joshi, S., Kumari, S., & Jain, M. (2008). Religious belief and its relation to psychological well-being. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34(2), 345–354.
46. Jung, S. H. (2007). The effect of mantra meditation program on high school girls’ self-esteem. Unpublished master’s thesis. Changwon: Changwon National University
47. Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies. Clinical psychology review, 31(6). 1041–1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006
48. Kling, K. C., Hyde, J. S., Showers, C. J., & Buswell, B. N. (1999). Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 470 –500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.4.470
49. Kołodko, G. W. (2005). Globalization and social stress . Nova Publishers, 8
50. Koole, SL., Govorun, O., Cheng, C.M., Gallucci, M (2009) Pulling Yourself Together: Meditation Promotes Congruence between Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Elsevier, 45 (6), 1220.
51. Kopko, K. (2007). Parenting styles and adolescents. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
52. Langer, E. J., & Moldoveanu, M. (2000). Mindfulness research and the future. Journal of social issues, 56(1), 129-139.
53. Lazar, S. W., Bush, G., Gollub, R. L., Fricchione, G. L., Khalsa, G., & Benson, H. (2000). Functional brain mapping of the relaxation response and meditation. NeuroReport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research, 11(7), 1581–1585. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200005150-00041
54. Lichtman, S., & Poser, E. G. (1983). The effects of exercise on mood and cognitive functioning. Journal of psychosomatic Research, 27(1), 43-52.
55. Lykins, E. L. B., & Baer, R. A. (2009). Psychological functioning in a sample of long-term practitioners of mindfulness meditation. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(3), 226–241. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.23.3.226
56. Lynch, J., Prihodova, L., Dunne, P. J., Carroll, A., Walsh, C., McMahon, G., & White, B. (2018). Mantra meditation for mental health in the general population: A systematic review. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 23, 101-108.
57. Manocha, R., Marks, G. B., Kenchington, P., Peters, D., & Salome, C. M. (2002). Sahaja yoga in the management of moderate to severe asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax, 57(2), 110-115.
58. McCubbin, H. I., Thompson, E. A., Thompson, A. I., & Futrell, J. A. (1999). The dynamics of resilient families. Sage Publications, Inc.
59. Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2003). Social causes of psychological distress. Transaction Publishers.
60. Moodley, R., & West, W. (Eds.). (2005). Integrating traditional healing practices into counseling and psychotherapy . Sage, 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452231648.
61. Morgan, A. (1999). Sahaja yoga: an ancient path to modern mental health? (Doctoral dissertation, University of Plymouth). http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1969.
62. Moszeik, E. N., von Oertzen, T., & Renner, K. H. (2020). Effectiveness of a short Yoga Nidra meditation on stress, sleep, and well-being in a large and diverse sample. Current Psychology, 1-15.
63. Chaurasia N. & Mahapatro M. (2016). Gender Differences in self-esteem among Young Adults of Raipur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Austin J Womens Health, 3(1): 1018.
64. Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Widaman, K. F. (2012). Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1271–1288. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/a0025558
65. Pandya, S. P. (2021). Geriatric Social Workers in Adult Day Care Facilities: Meditation, Worker Resilience, and Job Satisfaction. Health & Social Work.
66. Panjwani, U., Gupta, H. L., Singh, S. H., Selvamurthy, W., & Rai, U. C. (1995). Effect of Sahaja yoga practice on stress management in patients of epilepsy. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 39, 111.
67. Paradise, A. W., & Kernis, M. H. (2002). Self-esteem and psychological well-being: Implications of fragile self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21(4), 345–361. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.21.4.345.22598
68. Park, J. Y., & Park, E. Y. (2019). The Rasch analysis of Rosenberg self-esteem scale in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1992.
69. Pepping, C. A., O'Donovan, A., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Hanisch, M. (2014). Is emotion regulation the process underlying the relationship between low mindfulness and psychosocial distress?. Australian Journal of Psychology, 66(2), 130-138.
70. Perez-De-Albeniz, A., & Holmes, J. (2000). Meditation: Concepts, effects and uses in therapy. International Journal of Psychotherapy, 5(1), 49-58.
71. Peters, H. J., Peterson, T. R., & Community, D. W. (2019). Developing an Indigenous measure of overall health and well-being: the Wicozani Instrument. American Indian and Alaska native mental health research (Online), 26(2), 96.
72. Pidgeon, A. M., & Keye, M. (2014). Relationship between resilience, mindfulness, and psychological well-being in university students. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 2(5), 27-32.
73. Ram, U., Strohschein, L., Gaur, K.(2014).Gender Socialization: Differences between Male and Female Youth in India and Associations with Mental Health: International Journal Of Population Research .https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/357145
74. Ramamurthi, B. (1995). The fourth state of consciousness: the Thuriya Avastha.
Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 49, 107–110. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1995.tb01871.x
75. Ritchie, C., & Buchanan, A. (2011). Self-report of negative parenting styles, psychological functioning and risk of negative parenting by one parent being replicated by the other in a sample of adolescents aged 13–15. Child Abuse Review, 20(6), 421-438.
76. Robins, R. W., Trześniewski, K. H., Tracy, J. L., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2002).
Global self-esteem across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 17, 423– 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.423
77. Rogers, H. B. (2013). Mindfulness meditation for increasing resilience in college students. Psychiatric Annals, 43(12), 545-548.
78. Rojiani, R., Santoyo, J. F., Rahrig, H., Roth, H. D., & Britton, W. B. (2017). Women Benefit More Than Men in Response to College-based Meditation Training. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 551. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00551
79. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Measures package, 61(52), 18.
80. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self- image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
81. Rosenberg, M. (1986). Self-concept from middle childhood through adolescence. In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.). Psychological perspectives on the self , 3, 107-135. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
82. Rosenberg, M., & Owens, T.J. (2001). Low self-esteem people: A collective portrait. In
T.J. Owens. S. Stryker, & N. Goodman (Eds.). Extending self-esteem theory and research (pp. 400-436). New York: Cambridge University Press.
83. Roulston, Audrey & Montgomery, Lorna & Campbell, Anne & Davidson, Gavin. (2017).
Exploring the impact of mindfulness on mental well-being, stress and resilience of undergraduate social work students. Social Work Education, 1-16. 10.1080/02615479.2017.1388776
84. Salisu, I., Hashim, N(2017).A Critical Review of Scales Used in Resilience Research.
Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM),19(4), 23-3
85. Shapiro, S. L., Schwartz, G. E., & Santerre, C. (2002). Meditation and positive psychology. Handbook of positive psychology, 2, 632-645.
86. Sharma, V.K., Das, S., et.al (2005). Effect Of Sahaja Yoga Meditation On Depressive Disorders. Indian Journal Of Physiological Pharmacology,49(4), 462-468
87. Sharma, V. K., Das, S., Mondal, S., Goswami, U., & Gandhi, A. (2006). Effect of Sahaj Yoga on neuro-cognitive functions in patients suffering from major depression. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 50(4), 375.
88. Shaw, B. A., Liang, J., & Krause, N. (2010). Age and race differences in the trajectories of self-esteem. Psychology and Aging, 25, 84 –94. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018242
89. Sherrieb K, Norris F. H, Galea S. (2010). Measuring Capacities for Community Resilience. Social Indicators Research, 99(2),227–247
90. Shyu, Y. I. L. (2019). Maintaining and Improving Psychological Well-Being. The Journal of Nursing Research, 27(3), e19.
91. Simons, L. G., & Conger, R. D. (2007).Linking mother–father differences in parenting to a typology of family parenting styles and adolescent outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 28(2), 212-241.
92. Sinha, D. (2011). Concept of psychological well-being: Western and Indian perspectives.
National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences Journal, 8, l-ll.
93. Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008).
The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200. doi:10.1080/10705500802222972
94. Smith, Bruce W., Erin M. Tooley, P. J. Christopher, and V. S. Kay (2010). "Resilience as the ability to bounce back from stress: A neglected personal resource?." The Journal of Positive Psychology 5( 3) , 166-176.
95. Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014).
Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. European journal of psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25338.
96. Srivastava, Nirmala (1997) Meta Modern Era, (Vishwa Nirmala Dharma) ISBN 81-86650-05-9
97. Srivastava, N., & Aggarwal, S. (2013). Self-esteem Among Young Adults-A Comparative Study. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 2(3), 59-61.
98. Sun, Q. (2019). Eastern thoughts, western practices: Meditation and mindfulness relaxation activities for learning and well-being in adult and higher education. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, (161), 45-55.
99. Taggart, F., Friede, T., Weich, S., Clarke, A., Johnson, M., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2013).
Cross cultural evaluation of the Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS) -a mixed methods study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 27. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-11-27
100. Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S. et al. (2007). The Warwick- Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK Validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63
101. Tras, Z., Arslan, C., & Hamarta, E. (2013). An Examination of Resilience in University Students in terms of self-esteem and Social Efficacy. International Journal of Academic Research, 5(3), 323-328
102. Tripathi, A. (2020). The Study of Impact of Meditation on Anxiety Among Adult Female. Purakala , 31(4), 2532-2547.
103. Trześniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2003). Stability of self-esteem across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 205–220
104. Tsai, Jeanne & Ying, Yu-Wen & Lee, Peter. (2001). Cultural Predictors of Self-Esteem: A Study of Chinese American Female and Male Young Adults. Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 7. 284-97. 10.1037/1099-9809.7.3.284.
105. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2001). Age and birth cohort differences in self-esteem: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review,5, 321–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/ S15327957PSPR0504_3
106. Walsh F. Strengthening family resilience. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2006
107. Warwick Medical School. (n.d.). Retrieved June 26, 2020, from https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/med/research/platform/wemwbs/research/framework
108. World Health Organisation: Promoting Mental Health; Concepts emerging evidence and practice. Summary report. Geneva; World Health Organisation; 2004.World Health Organisation.(2004). Promoting Mental Health; Concepts emerging evidence and practice. Summary report. Geneva; World Health Organisation
109. Wu Y, Sang Z, Zhang X-C and Margraf J. (2020). The Relationship Between Resilience and Mental Health in Chinese College Students: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Analysis. Front. Psychol. 11,108. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00108
110. Yi, E. S., An, C. W., & Cho, G. S. (2017). The meditation effects of self-esteem on the relationship model between Korean new elderly class's recovery resilience and productive aging. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 8(5), 255-263.
111. Zeigler-Hill, V., & Myers, E. M. (2012). A review of gender differences in self-esteem. In S. P. McGeown (Ed.). Psychology of gender differences, 131–143. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Publications
112. Zollars I, Poirier TI, Pailden J. (2019). Effects of mindfulness meditation on mindfulness, mental well-being, and perceived stress. Curr Pharm Teach Learn, 11(10),1022-1028. doi: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.06.005. Epub 2019 Aug 7. PMID: 3168517
2. Agarwal, Anulipi & Dixit, Vidushi. (2017). The Role of Meditation on Mindful Awareness and Life Satisfaction of Adolescents.
3. Agnes, M. (Ed.). (2005). Webster’s new college dictionary.Cleveland, OH: Wiley.
4. Ahmad, R., Imran, H., Khanam, S. J., & Riaz, Z. (2013). Gender differences in domain specific self-esteem of adolescents. Asian journal of social sciences and humanities, 2(2), 432-440.
5. Apaolaza, V., Hartmann, P., D’Souza, C., & Gilsanz, A. (2019). Mindfulness, Compulsive Mobile Social Media Use, and Derived Stress: The Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem and Social Anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(6). doi:10.1089/cyber.2018.0681
6. Baer, R. A., Lykins, E. L., & Peters, J. R. (2012). Mindfulness and self-compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched non-meditators. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 230-238.2.00 dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000078
7. Bajaj, B. (2017). Mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship of mindfulness to resilience and stress. Int. J. Emerg. Ment. Health Hum. Resil, 19, 1-6. doi:10.4172/1522-4821.1000372
8. Baumeister, R.F., Tice, D.M., & Hutton, D.G. (1989). Self-Presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 57, 547-579.
9. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95.
10. Benson, H., & Proctor, W. (2011). Relaxation revolution: The science and genetics of mind body healing. Simon and Schuster.
11. Bhardwaj, A., & Agrawal, G. (2013). Gender difference in pre-adolescent’s self-esteem.
Int J Soc Sci Interdisc Res_,8 (2), 114-119.
12. Black, D. S. (2011). A brief definition of mindfulness. Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(2), 109.
13. Bleidorn, W., Arslan, R.C., Denissen, J.J.A., Rentfrow, P.J., Gebauer, J.E., Potter, J., Gosling, S.D. (2016). Age and Gender Differences in Self-Esteem—A Cross-Cultural Window. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(3), 396 – 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000078
14. Brown, K.W., Ryan, R.M., & Creswell, J.D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological inquiry, 18(4), 211-237.
15. Butler, L. D., Waelde, L. C., Hastings, T. A., Chen, X. H., Symons, B., Marshall, J., & Spiegel, D. (2008). Meditation with yoga, group therapy with hypnosis, and psychoeducation for long-term depressed mood: a randomized pilot trial. Journal of clinical psychology, 64(7), 806-820.
16. Campbell-Sills, L., Cohan, S. L., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour research and therapy, 44(4), 585-599.
17. Cheng, F. K. (2018). Overcoming Internalised Phobia Among Buddhist Sexual Minorities Through Mindfulness. Contemporary Buddhism, 19(2), 223-236.
18. Choe, D. E., &Devnarain, B. (2012). Youth violence in South Africa: Exposure, attitudes, and resilience in Zulu adolescents. Violence and Victims, 27(2), 166-181.
19. Clarke, A., Friede, T., Putz, R., Ashdown, J., Martin, S., Blake, A., . Stewart-Brown, S. (2011). Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): Validated for teenage school students in England and Scotland. A mixed methods assessment. BMC Public Health, 11(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-487
20. Connor, K., & Zhang, W. (2006). Resilience: Determinants, Measurement, and Treatment Responsiveness. CNS Spectrums, 11(S12), 5-12. doi:10.1017/S1092852900025797
21. Crouch, M. A., & Straub, V. (1983). Enhancement of self-esteem in adults. Family & Community Health: The Journal of Health Promotion & Maintenance, 6(2), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003727-198306020-00008
22. Cutler, N.E. (1995). “Three Myths of Risk Tolerance: What Clients are Not Telling You”. Journal of the American Society of CLU & ChFC, 49, 33 – 37
23. De Haan, L., Hawley, D. R., & Deal, J. E. (2002). Operationalizing family resilience: A methodological strategy. American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(4), 275-291.
24. Dunn, L. B., Iglewicz, A., & Moutier, C. (2008). A Conceptual Model of Medical Student Well-Being: Promoting Resilience and Preventing Burnout. Academic Psychiatry, 32(1), 44-53. doi:10.1176/appi.ap.32.1.44
25. Erdoğan Yüce, G., & Muz, G. (2020). Effect of yoga-based physical activity on perceived stress, anxiety, and quality of life in young adults. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 56(3).https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12484
26. Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M (2013). Psychological Resilience A Review And Critique Of Definitions, Concepts And Theory. European Psychologist; 18(1),12-23, DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
27. Furstenberg, F., Cook, A., Eccles, J., Elder, G.H. and Sameroff, A.J. (1999) Managing to Make it: Urban Families in High-risk Neighbourhoods. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
28. Gharbila, A., Sobia , M., Sana ,Y & Mustanir A .(2019). Parental Rearing Practices as Predictors of Resilience and Emotional Intelligence among Young Adults. Foundation University Journal Of Psychology, 3(2), 1-38.
29. Gilligan, R. (2001). Promoting Resilience: A Resource Guide on Working with Children in the Care Sym. London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering.
30. Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M., Gould, N. F., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R., ... & Ranasinghe, P. D. (2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA internal medicine, 174(3), 357-368.
31. Gu, H. (2001). Traditional medical and spiritual therapeutic methods . Beijing, China: ZongYi GuJi Chubanshe.
32. Gupta, S., Shanker, V., Lal, H., & Soni, S. Original Research Article Effect of Sahaja Yoga on Blood Glucose Level in Healthy Individual. Group, 79(5.15), 79-59.
33. Harrison, L. J., Manocha, R., & Rubia, K. (2004). Sahaja yoga meditation as a family treatment programme for children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(4), 479-497.
34. Herrman HS, Saxena S, Moodie R.(2005). Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, practice. A WHO report in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the University of Melbourne. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/MH_Promotion_Book.pdf. Accessed January 22, 2010. Google Scholar
35. Hernández, S. E., Suero, J., Barros, A., González-Mora, J. L., & Rubia, K. (2016).
Increased grey matter associated with long-term sahaja yoga meditation: a voxel-based morphometry study. PloS one, 11(3), e0150757.
36. Hendriks, T. (2014) The Psychological Effects of Sahaja Yoga Meditation: a Systematic Review. Depression, 1000, 019.
37. Hendriks, T. (2018). The effects of Sahaja Yoga meditation on mental health: A systematic review. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 15(3). doi:10.1515/jcim-2016-0163
38. Hurlock B.E., (2009).Early Adulthood Personal and Social Adjustments,Developmental Psychology- A Life Span Approach, 5th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Educations Pvt Limited Publishers; 265-268.
39. Iwamoto, S. K., Alexander, M., Torres, M., Irwin, M. R., Christakis, N. A., & Nishi, A. (2020). Mindfulness Meditation Activates Altruism. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-7.
40. Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Harish MG, Shetty KT, Subba Krishna DK, Meti BL, Raju T R, Vedamurthachar A.(1999). Therapeutic Efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in Dysthymic disorder. Nimhans Journal ,17, 21–28.
41. Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Harish MG, Subba Krishna DK, Vedamurthachar A.(2000). Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya
Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: a randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. Journal of Affective Disorders , 51, 255–259.
42. Jin, P. (1992). Efficacy of Tai Chi, brisk walking, meditation, and reading in reducing mental and emotional stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 36(4), 361–370.
43. Jindal-Snape, D., & Miller, D. J. (2010). Understanding transitions through self-esteem and resilience. Educational transitions: Moving stories from around the world, 11-32.
44. Jose, S., & Angelina, J. (2020). Efficacy of Psycho-Spiritual Meaning Intervention (PSMI) on depression and suicide ideation of young adults in Kerala, India. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(1), 20-25.
45. Joshi, S., Kumari, S., & Jain, M. (2008). Religious belief and its relation to psychological well-being. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34(2), 345–354.
46. Jung, S. H. (2007). The effect of mantra meditation program on high school girls’ self-esteem. Unpublished master’s thesis. Changwon: Changwon National University
47. Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies. Clinical psychology review, 31(6). 1041–1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006
48. Kling, K. C., Hyde, J. S., Showers, C. J., & Buswell, B. N. (1999). Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 470 –500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.4.470
49. Kołodko, G. W. (2005). Globalization and social stress . Nova Publishers, 8
50. Koole, SL., Govorun, O., Cheng, C.M., Gallucci, M (2009) Pulling Yourself Together: Meditation Promotes Congruence between Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Elsevier, 45 (6), 1220.
51. Kopko, K. (2007). Parenting styles and adolescents. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
52. Langer, E. J., & Moldoveanu, M. (2000). Mindfulness research and the future. Journal of social issues, 56(1), 129-139.
53. Lazar, S. W., Bush, G., Gollub, R. L., Fricchione, G. L., Khalsa, G., & Benson, H. (2000). Functional brain mapping of the relaxation response and meditation. NeuroReport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research, 11(7), 1581–1585. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200005150-00041
54. Lichtman, S., & Poser, E. G. (1983). The effects of exercise on mood and cognitive functioning. Journal of psychosomatic Research, 27(1), 43-52.
55. Lykins, E. L. B., & Baer, R. A. (2009). Psychological functioning in a sample of long-term practitioners of mindfulness meditation. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(3), 226–241. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.23.3.226
56. Lynch, J., Prihodova, L., Dunne, P. J., Carroll, A., Walsh, C., McMahon, G., & White, B. (2018). Mantra meditation for mental health in the general population: A systematic review. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 23, 101-108.
57. Manocha, R., Marks, G. B., Kenchington, P., Peters, D., & Salome, C. M. (2002). Sahaja yoga in the management of moderate to severe asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax, 57(2), 110-115.
58. McCubbin, H. I., Thompson, E. A., Thompson, A. I., & Futrell, J. A. (1999). The dynamics of resilient families. Sage Publications, Inc.
59. Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2003). Social causes of psychological distress. Transaction Publishers.
60. Moodley, R., & West, W. (Eds.). (2005). Integrating traditional healing practices into counseling and psychotherapy . Sage, 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452231648.
61. Morgan, A. (1999). Sahaja yoga: an ancient path to modern mental health? (Doctoral dissertation, University of Plymouth). http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1969.
62. Moszeik, E. N., von Oertzen, T., & Renner, K. H. (2020). Effectiveness of a short Yoga Nidra meditation on stress, sleep, and well-being in a large and diverse sample. Current Psychology, 1-15.
63. Chaurasia N. & Mahapatro M. (2016). Gender Differences in self-esteem among Young Adults of Raipur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Austin J Womens Health, 3(1): 1018.
64. Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Widaman, K. F. (2012). Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1271–1288. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/a0025558
65. Pandya, S. P. (2021). Geriatric Social Workers in Adult Day Care Facilities: Meditation, Worker Resilience, and Job Satisfaction. Health & Social Work.
66. Panjwani, U., Gupta, H. L., Singh, S. H., Selvamurthy, W., & Rai, U. C. (1995). Effect of Sahaja yoga practice on stress management in patients of epilepsy. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 39, 111.
67. Paradise, A. W., & Kernis, M. H. (2002). Self-esteem and psychological well-being: Implications of fragile self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21(4), 345–361. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.21.4.345.22598
68. Park, J. Y., & Park, E. Y. (2019). The Rasch analysis of Rosenberg self-esteem scale in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1992.
69. Pepping, C. A., O'Donovan, A., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Hanisch, M. (2014). Is emotion regulation the process underlying the relationship between low mindfulness and psychosocial distress?. Australian Journal of Psychology, 66(2), 130-138.
70. Perez-De-Albeniz, A., & Holmes, J. (2000). Meditation: Concepts, effects and uses in therapy. International Journal of Psychotherapy, 5(1), 49-58.
71. Peters, H. J., Peterson, T. R., & Community, D. W. (2019). Developing an Indigenous measure of overall health and well-being: the Wicozani Instrument. American Indian and Alaska native mental health research (Online), 26(2), 96.
72. Pidgeon, A. M., & Keye, M. (2014). Relationship between resilience, mindfulness, and psychological well-being in university students. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 2(5), 27-32.
73. Ram, U., Strohschein, L., Gaur, K.(2014).Gender Socialization: Differences between Male and Female Youth in India and Associations with Mental Health: International Journal Of Population Research .https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/357145
74. Ramamurthi, B. (1995). The fourth state of consciousness: the Thuriya Avastha.
Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 49, 107–110. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1995.tb01871.x
75. Ritchie, C., & Buchanan, A. (2011). Self-report of negative parenting styles, psychological functioning and risk of negative parenting by one parent being replicated by the other in a sample of adolescents aged 13–15. Child Abuse Review, 20(6), 421-438.
76. Robins, R. W., Trześniewski, K. H., Tracy, J. L., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2002).
Global self-esteem across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 17, 423– 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.423
77. Rogers, H. B. (2013). Mindfulness meditation for increasing resilience in college students. Psychiatric Annals, 43(12), 545-548.
78. Rojiani, R., Santoyo, J. F., Rahrig, H., Roth, H. D., & Britton, W. B. (2017). Women Benefit More Than Men in Response to College-based Meditation Training. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 551. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00551
79. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Measures package, 61(52), 18.
80. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self- image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
81. Rosenberg, M. (1986). Self-concept from middle childhood through adolescence. In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.). Psychological perspectives on the self , 3, 107-135. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
82. Rosenberg, M., & Owens, T.J. (2001). Low self-esteem people: A collective portrait. In
T.J. Owens. S. Stryker, & N. Goodman (Eds.). Extending self-esteem theory and research (pp. 400-436). New York: Cambridge University Press.
83. Roulston, Audrey & Montgomery, Lorna & Campbell, Anne & Davidson, Gavin. (2017).
Exploring the impact of mindfulness on mental well-being, stress and resilience of undergraduate social work students. Social Work Education, 1-16. 10.1080/02615479.2017.1388776
84. Salisu, I., Hashim, N(2017).A Critical Review of Scales Used in Resilience Research.
Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM),19(4), 23-3
85. Shapiro, S. L., Schwartz, G. E., & Santerre, C. (2002). Meditation and positive psychology. Handbook of positive psychology, 2, 632-645.
86. Sharma, V.K., Das, S., et.al (2005). Effect Of Sahaja Yoga Meditation On Depressive Disorders. Indian Journal Of Physiological Pharmacology,49(4), 462-468
87. Sharma, V. K., Das, S., Mondal, S., Goswami, U., & Gandhi, A. (2006). Effect of Sahaj Yoga on neuro-cognitive functions in patients suffering from major depression. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 50(4), 375.
88. Shaw, B. A., Liang, J., & Krause, N. (2010). Age and race differences in the trajectories of self-esteem. Psychology and Aging, 25, 84 –94. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018242
89. Sherrieb K, Norris F. H, Galea S. (2010). Measuring Capacities for Community Resilience. Social Indicators Research, 99(2),227–247
90. Shyu, Y. I. L. (2019). Maintaining and Improving Psychological Well-Being. The Journal of Nursing Research, 27(3), e19.
91. Simons, L. G., & Conger, R. D. (2007).Linking mother–father differences in parenting to a typology of family parenting styles and adolescent outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 28(2), 212-241.
92. Sinha, D. (2011). Concept of psychological well-being: Western and Indian perspectives.
National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences Journal, 8, l-ll.
93. Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008).
The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200. doi:10.1080/10705500802222972
94. Smith, Bruce W., Erin M. Tooley, P. J. Christopher, and V. S. Kay (2010). "Resilience as the ability to bounce back from stress: A neglected personal resource?." The Journal of Positive Psychology 5( 3) , 166-176.
95. Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014).
Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. European journal of psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25338.
96. Srivastava, Nirmala (1997) Meta Modern Era, (Vishwa Nirmala Dharma) ISBN 81-86650-05-9
97. Srivastava, N., & Aggarwal, S. (2013). Self-esteem Among Young Adults-A Comparative Study. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 2(3), 59-61.
98. Sun, Q. (2019). Eastern thoughts, western practices: Meditation and mindfulness relaxation activities for learning and well-being in adult and higher education. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, (161), 45-55.
99. Taggart, F., Friede, T., Weich, S., Clarke, A., Johnson, M., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2013).
Cross cultural evaluation of the Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS) -a mixed methods study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 27. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-11-27
100. Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S. et al. (2007). The Warwick- Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK Validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63
101. Tras, Z., Arslan, C., & Hamarta, E. (2013). An Examination of Resilience in University Students in terms of self-esteem and Social Efficacy. International Journal of Academic Research, 5(3), 323-328
102. Tripathi, A. (2020). The Study of Impact of Meditation on Anxiety Among Adult Female. Purakala , 31(4), 2532-2547.
103. Trześniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2003). Stability of self-esteem across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 205–220
104. Tsai, Jeanne & Ying, Yu-Wen & Lee, Peter. (2001). Cultural Predictors of Self-Esteem: A Study of Chinese American Female and Male Young Adults. Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 7. 284-97. 10.1037/1099-9809.7.3.284.
105. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2001). Age and birth cohort differences in self-esteem: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review,5, 321–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/ S15327957PSPR0504_3
106. Walsh F. Strengthening family resilience. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2006
107. Warwick Medical School. (n.d.). Retrieved June 26, 2020, from https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/med/research/platform/wemwbs/research/framework
108. World Health Organisation: Promoting Mental Health; Concepts emerging evidence and practice. Summary report. Geneva; World Health Organisation; 2004.World Health Organisation.(2004). Promoting Mental Health; Concepts emerging evidence and practice. Summary report. Geneva; World Health Organisation
109. Wu Y, Sang Z, Zhang X-C and Margraf J. (2020). The Relationship Between Resilience and Mental Health in Chinese College Students: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Analysis. Front. Psychol. 11,108. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00108
110. Yi, E. S., An, C. W., & Cho, G. S. (2017). The meditation effects of self-esteem on the relationship model between Korean new elderly class's recovery resilience and productive aging. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 8(5), 255-263.
111. Zeigler-Hill, V., & Myers, E. M. (2012). A review of gender differences in self-esteem. In S. P. McGeown (Ed.). Psychology of gender differences, 131–143. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Publications
112. Zollars I, Poirier TI, Pailden J. (2019). Effects of mindfulness meditation on mindfulness, mental well-being, and perceived stress. Curr Pharm Teach Learn, 11(10),1022-1028. doi: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.06.005. Epub 2019 Aug 7. PMID: 3168517