Hindi Adaptation and validation of Body Image Concern Inventory
Main Article Content
Abstract
The present study aimed to adapt the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI) into Hindi
and assess the psychometric properties of the scale in a Hindi-speaking population. This
scale was originally developed by Littleton, Axson, and Pure in 2005. A World Health
Organization guideline for the translation and adaptation of this scale has been followed
to translate it into Hindi. The Hindi version of the BICI, Body Dissatisfaction Scale,
Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale, and General Mental Health Questionnaire-28 was
administered to the sample after the translation process was completed. The age range of
participants was 15–25 years (76 males and 81 females). In the end, the factor structure
and psychometric properties of the scale were evaluated. The exploratory factor analysis
identified two factors. The first factor consists of 12 items that are labelled “symptom
interference,” and the second factor consists of 7 items labelled “dysmorphic symptoms.”
The reliability of the subscales as well as the full scale was found satisfactory (for symptom
interference, r =.828; for dysmorphic symptoms, r =.789; for the full scale, r =.871). The
scale’s concurrent validity ranged from.38 to.42. Comprehensively, the findings suggest
that the Hindi version of BICI is a reliable and valid tool and might be useful for research
purposes as well as for assessing appearance concerns in Hindi-speaking zones.
Article Details
How to Cite
Verma, K., & Verma, S. . (2023). Hindi Adaptation and validation of Body Image Concern Inventory. Mind and Society, 12(01), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.56011/mind-mri-121-20234
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Articles
References
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dysmorphic disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 251, 105–108.
Audrey, M., Satyadarma, M., & Subroto, U. (2020, December). The Correlation Between
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clinical features among Australian university students. Clinical Psychologist, 11, 16–23.
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in adult women: Associations with health behaviors, quality of life, and functional impairment. Journal of health psychology, 24(11), 1536-1547.
Callaghan, G. M., Lopez, A., Wong, L., Northcross, J., & Anderson, K. R. (2011). Predicting
consideration of cosmetic surgery in a college population: A continuum of body image disturbance and the importance of coping strategies. Body Image, 8(3), 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.002
Cansever, A., Uzun, F. O¨ . , Do¨nmez, E., & Ozs¸ ahin, A. (2003). The prevalence and
clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in college students: A study in a Turkish sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44, 60–64.
Cordero, E. D. (2011). Self-esteem, social support, collectivism, and the thin-ideal in Latina
undergraduates. Body Image, 8(1), 82–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.11.006
Dixit, S., Agarwal, G. G., Singh, J. V., Kant, S., & Singh, N. (2011). A study on
consciousness of adolescent girls about their body image. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 36(3), 197.
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS, 3rd Edn London. UK: SAGE [Google
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Ganesan, S., Ravishankar, S. L., & Ramalingam, S. (2018). Are body image issues affecting
Our adolescents? A cross-sectional study among college going adolescent girls. Indian journal of community medicine: official publicationof Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 43(Suppl 1), S42.
Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health
Questionnaire. Psychological medicine, 9(1), 139-145.
Gorsuch, R. L. (1988). Exploratory factor analysis. In Handbook of multivariate experimental
psychology (pp. 231-258). Springer, Boston, MA.
Hair, J. F. (2014). Hair, JF, Black, WC, Babin, BJ, & Anderson, RE Multivariate Data
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Jackson, K. L., Janssen, I., Appelhans, B. M., Kazlauskaite, R., Karavolos, K., Dugan, S. A.,
... & Kravitz, H. M. (2014). Body image satisfaction and depression in midlife women: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Archives of women's mental health, 17(3), 177-187.
Javaid, Q. A., & Ajmal, A. (2019). The impact of bodylanguage on self-esteem in
adolescents. Clinical andCounselling Psychology Review, 1(1), 44–54.
Jung, J., & Lee, S. H. (2006). Cross-cultural comparisons of appearance self-schema, body
image, self-esteem, and dieting behavior between Korean and U.S. women. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 34(4), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1077727X06286419
Kumar, S., Khurana, N. K., Lohana, S., Khamuani, M. K., Memon, M. K., Memon, S., ... &
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Leena, M. Manoj, T.I. (2016). Body image and self-esteem: differences and relationship
among females belonging to varied vocations in Kerala, India. International journal of physical education health & sports sciences, 5(1), 5-14.
Littleton, H. L., & Breitkopf, C. R. (2008). The body image concern inventory: Validation in
a multiethnic sample and initial development of a Spanish language version. Body Image, 5(4), 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.06.004
Littleton, H. L., Axsom, D., & Pury, C. L. (2005). Development of the body image concern
inventory. Behaviour Research and therapy, 43(2), 229-241.
Luca, M., Giannini, M., Gori, A., & Littleton, H. (2011). Measuring dysmorphic concern in
Italy: psychometric properties of the Italian Body Image Concern Inventory (I-BICI). Body Image, 8(3), 301-305.
Prashant, A. & Arora, M. (1988). Psychological stress in adolescents: a study of depression,
self esteem and physical symptoms. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Banaras Hindu University.
Raj, J. P., & Ploriya, S. (2018). Prevalence of Obesity among Rehabilitated Urban Slum Dwellers and Altered Body Image Perception in India (PRESUME). Indian journal of
endocrinology and metabolism, 22(1), 23.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Journal of Religion and Health.
Shukla, M., Saxena, P., Dubey, A., & Pandey, R. (2014). Exploring the factor structure and
psychometric properties of the Hindi version of the general health Questionnaire-28.
Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India: Unpublished
manuscript
Tanaka, M., Arimura, T., & Tayama, J. (2011). Development of the Japanese version of body
image concern inventory [in Japanese]. Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 51(2), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.15064/jjpm.51.2_162
Tariq, M., & Ijaz, T. (2015). Development of Body Dissatisfaction Scale for University
Students. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 30(2).
Wang, K., Yu, X. Y., Yu, C. R., Liu, Y. F., Chu, M. Y., Zhang, R. T., ... & Chan, R. C.
(2022). Validation of the Chinese Version of the Body Image Concern Inventory. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 45(2), 204-214.
Widiger, T. A., Costa, P. T., & American Psychological Association (Eds.).
(2013). Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
dysmorphic disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 251, 105–108.
Audrey, M., Satyadarma, M., & Subroto, U. (2020, December). The Correlation Between
Self-Esteem and Body Image: A Study on Female Adolescent Instagram Users. In The 2nd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2020) (pp. 610-614). Atlantis Press.
Bartsch, D. (2007). Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms and associated
clinical features among Australian university students. Clinical Psychologist, 11, 16–23.
Becker, C. B., Verzijl, C. L., Kilpela, L. S., Wilfred, S. A., & Stewart, T. (2019). Body image
in adult women: Associations with health behaviors, quality of life, and functional impairment. Journal of health psychology, 24(11), 1536-1547.
Callaghan, G. M., Lopez, A., Wong, L., Northcross, J., & Anderson, K. R. (2011). Predicting
consideration of cosmetic surgery in a college population: A continuum of body image disturbance and the importance of coping strategies. Body Image, 8(3), 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.002
Cansever, A., Uzun, F. O¨ . , Do¨nmez, E., & Ozs¸ ahin, A. (2003). The prevalence and
clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in college students: A study in a Turkish sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44, 60–64.
Cordero, E. D. (2011). Self-esteem, social support, collectivism, and the thin-ideal in Latina
undergraduates. Body Image, 8(1), 82–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.11.006
Dixit, S., Agarwal, G. G., Singh, J. V., Kant, S., & Singh, N. (2011). A study on
consciousness of adolescent girls about their body image. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 36(3), 197.
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS, 3rd Edn London. UK: SAGE [Google
Scholar].
Ganesan, S., Ravishankar, S. L., & Ramalingam, S. (2018). Are body image issues affecting
Our adolescents? A cross-sectional study among college going adolescent girls. Indian journal of community medicine: official publicationof Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 43(Suppl 1), S42.
Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health
Questionnaire. Psychological medicine, 9(1), 139-145.
Gorsuch, R. L. (1988). Exploratory factor analysis. In Handbook of multivariate experimental
psychology (pp. 231-258). Springer, Boston, MA.
Hair, J. F. (2014). Hair, JF, Black, WC, Babin, BJ, & Anderson, RE Multivariate Data
Analysis.
Jackson, K. L., Janssen, I., Appelhans, B. M., Kazlauskaite, R., Karavolos, K., Dugan, S. A.,
... & Kravitz, H. M. (2014). Body image satisfaction and depression in midlife women: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Archives of women's mental health, 17(3), 177-187.
Javaid, Q. A., & Ajmal, A. (2019). The impact of bodylanguage on self-esteem in
adolescents. Clinical andCounselling Psychology Review, 1(1), 44–54.
Jung, J., & Lee, S. H. (2006). Cross-cultural comparisons of appearance self-schema, body
image, self-esteem, and dieting behavior between Korean and U.S. women. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 34(4), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1077727X06286419
Kumar, S., Khurana, N. K., Lohana, S., Khamuani, M. K., Memon, M. K., Memon, S., ... &
Sohail, H. (2020). Comparison of the prevalence of erectile dysfunction between hypertensive and normotensive participants: A case-control study. Cureus, 12(12).
Leena, M. Manoj, T.I. (2016). Body image and self-esteem: differences and relationship
among females belonging to varied vocations in Kerala, India. International journal of physical education health & sports sciences, 5(1), 5-14.
Littleton, H. L., & Breitkopf, C. R. (2008). The body image concern inventory: Validation in
a multiethnic sample and initial development of a Spanish language version. Body Image, 5(4), 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.06.004
Littleton, H. L., Axsom, D., & Pury, C. L. (2005). Development of the body image concern
inventory. Behaviour Research and therapy, 43(2), 229-241.
Luca, M., Giannini, M., Gori, A., & Littleton, H. (2011). Measuring dysmorphic concern in
Italy: psychometric properties of the Italian Body Image Concern Inventory (I-BICI). Body Image, 8(3), 301-305.
Prashant, A. & Arora, M. (1988). Psychological stress in adolescents: a study of depression,
self esteem and physical symptoms. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Banaras Hindu University.
Raj, J. P., & Ploriya, S. (2018). Prevalence of Obesity among Rehabilitated Urban Slum Dwellers and Altered Body Image Perception in India (PRESUME). Indian journal of
endocrinology and metabolism, 22(1), 23.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Journal of Religion and Health.
Shukla, M., Saxena, P., Dubey, A., & Pandey, R. (2014). Exploring the factor structure and
psychometric properties of the Hindi version of the general health Questionnaire-28.
Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India: Unpublished
manuscript
Tanaka, M., Arimura, T., & Tayama, J. (2011). Development of the Japanese version of body
image concern inventory [in Japanese]. Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 51(2), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.15064/jjpm.51.2_162
Tariq, M., & Ijaz, T. (2015). Development of Body Dissatisfaction Scale for University
Students. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 30(2).
Wang, K., Yu, X. Y., Yu, C. R., Liu, Y. F., Chu, M. Y., Zhang, R. T., ... & Chan, R. C.
(2022). Validation of the Chinese Version of the Body Image Concern Inventory. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 45(2), 204-214.
Widiger, T. A., Costa, P. T., & American Psychological Association (Eds.).
(2013). Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.