Cultural Differences in Motivation: A Systematic Review of Cross-Cultural Studies

Abstract

The goal of this systematic review is to summarize the empirical research on cultural differences in motivation, with an emphasis on identifying culturally relevant motivational categories, patterns, and theoretical frameworks. The goal is to shed light on how cultural circumstances affect motivational processes in order to inform theory and practice. The PRISMA recommendations were followed in the implementation of a systematic and thorough search strategy throughout PsycNet, and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria included empirical research that was peer-reviewed and specifically looked at motivation in two or more cultural situations. We took into consideration studies that were published in English language between the calendar year 2000–2025. To ensure reliability and rigor, many reviewers separately carried out the data extraction and quality assessment. Thematic analysis identified important cultural differences in motivational factors, such as power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism versus collectivism.Cultural values were frequently shown to mediate differences in goal-setting behaviours, achievement orientation, and intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation. Western motivation theories are not very applicable in non-Western environments, according to a number of research. Motivational processes are greatly influenced by cultural setting. The results emphasize how crucial culturally sensitive research and practice methods are, especially in areas related to mental health, education, and multinational corporations. Future studies should increase the representation of understudied regions and give priority to theoretical models that are inclusive of cultural differences.